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Conjunctions:
contrasting
Learn about it!
The
conjunctions but and although/though connect
ideas that contrast. Whereas is also used but it is not as
common:
The new city hall is amazing but it’s going
to cost a lot.
He’s quite short, whereas his sister is
tall.
But
But is a coordinating conjunction used to connect ideas
that contrast. Coordinating conjunctions connect items which are the same
grammatical type.
main
idea
|
contrast
|
|
The
meal was good
I
want to lose weight
Lara
cooked roast beef for me
Edinburgh
is an interesting place
|
but
|
expensive.
I
hate diets.
I
don’t eat meat.
it
takes a long time to get there.
|
Warning:
We can’t use however as
a conjunction instead of but to connect words and phrases:
My
teacher is very nice but a bit strict.
Not: My teacher
is very nice however a bit strict.
Although/though
Although/though can be used to contrast ideas. Although/though are
subordinating conjunctions used to connect a subordinate clause to a main
clause, like after, as, before, if, since, that, even though, even if.
main
idea
|
although
though
|
contrast
|
Grace
is an excellent athlete
|
she
injured her leg recently.
|
|
Harry
is a great friend
|
we
don’t see each other often.
|
The although/though clause
can come first.
Although
Though
|
contrast
|
main
idea
|
the
car was destroyed,
|
no
one was injured in the crash.
|
|
people
say it’s dangerous,
|
I
think it’s an amazing country.
|
But or although?
But cannot be used in the same way as although/though.
We use but to connect items which are the same grammatical
type (coordinating conjunction).
Warning:
The order of clauses connected by
coordinating conjunctions cannot be reversed:
Although it rained a lot,
we’ve still enjoyed our holiday.
We’ve still enjoyed our
holiday, although it rained a lot.
It rained a lot but we’ve
still enjoyed our holiday.
Not: But it
rained a lot, we’ve still enjoyed our holiday.
Although can sound more formal than but. Though is
much more common in speaking than in writing. Although is much
more common in writing than in speaking.
Even though, even
if
Even
though and even if are
also used as subordinating conjunctions in the same way as although/though.
Even though is similar to although but it makes a
stronger contrast:
Even
though I cycle to work, I don’t feel
very fit.
Even
if means ‘whether or not’:
Even if you
run, you’ll still be late. (You’ll
be late whether you run or not.)
I feel tired even if I go to bed early. (I feel tired whether I go to bed early or not.)
Conjunctions: typical errors
·
We use and to
connect words in a list and to connect phrases and clauses in a sentence:
He loves cycling, hiking and ball games.
Not: He loves cycling, hiking, ball games.
·
After conjunctions referring to
time, such as when, once and as soon as, we use
the present simple when we refer to the future:
It will be summer when we see you again.
Not: … when
we will see you again.
They’ll
leave once the lecture finishes.
Not: … once
the lecture will finish.
As
soon as I hear any news, I’ll call you.
Not: As soon as I’ll hear any news …
·
During is a preposition, not a conjunction, so it must be
followed by a noun or a pronoun:
She studies while she is on the train.
Not: She studies during she is on the train.
·
When we use a so-clause
to connect a cause/reason to a result, the so-clause must come
second:
I bought a new computer game so I have no
money left.
Not: So I have no money left I bought a new computer
game.
·
We use although/though,
not but, to connect a subordinate clause to a main clause:
Although I’m
tall, I’m not as tall as Bill.
Not: But I’m tall, I’m not as tall as Bill.
·
When as well as or in
addition to are followed by clauses, the verb is in the -ing form:
[from a
brochure advertising an English course in London]
As well as living with
a family, you practise your English.
Not: As
well as you live with a family …
In
addition to being a
wonderful seafood restaurant, it had an amazing view.
Not: In addition to it was a wonderful seafood
restaurant …
See also:
·
We cannot use however to
connect words and phrases:
The area around Cannes has small but nice
beaches.
Not: … has small however nice beaches.
·
We only use one conjunction to
connect words or phrases:
Since she
had the day off work, she went out for lunch with some friends.
Not: Since she had the day off work, so she went out
for lunch …
Jawablah pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut dengan jujur dan bertanggungjawab!
| No. | Pertanyaan | Jawaban | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01. | Saya mengetahui arti kata-kata pada pada teks di atas |
Ya | Tidak |
| 02. | Saya bisa mengucapkan kata-kata sesuai dengan audio/video yang disajikan |
Ya | Tidak |
| 03. | Saya bisa memperagakan percakapan dengan membaca teks yang tersedia |
Ya | Tidak |
| 04. | Saya bisa memperagakan percakapan dengan sedikit membaca teks |
Ya | Tidak |
| 05. | Saya bisa memperagakan tanpa membaca teks |
Ya | Tidak |
| 06. | Saya bisa memperagakan tanpa membaca teks disertai dengan variasi baru atau pengembangan teks |
Ya | Tidak |
| 07. | Saya bisa membuat karya video terkait dengan percakapan yang diperagakan |
Ya | Tidak |
| 08. | Saya bisa membuat video dan telah disosialisasikan pada sosial media yang saya miliki |
Ya | Tidak |
Bila ada jawaban "Tidak", maka segera lakukan review pembelajaran, terutama pada bagian yang masih "Tidak".
Bila semua jawaban "Ya", maka Anda dapat melanjutkan ke pembelajaran berikutnya.
Buatlah jurnal harian untuk membantumu dalam mempercepat proses pembelajaran dengan menjawab soal evaluasi diri berikut ini.
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- Apa kendala yang kamu alami?
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